Glossary

acidic
having a pH level of less than 7.0 on a scale of 1 to 14

alkali
having a pH level of 7.0 or greater on a scale of 1 to 14

alternate
leaves places singly at intervals along the stem

arid
very dry and hot climate

borne
produced

broadleaf
trees that usually shed their leaves; also known as hardwoods or deciduous

browse
shoots, twigs and leaves of trees and shrubs used by animals for food

catkin
slender, flexible, simple, compact cluster of flowers of same sex without petals

compound
leaf having several distinct blades on a common leaf stalk

coniferous
trees and shrubs that include pine, firs, spruces, cedars and other cone-bearing plants, leaves of these trees are needle or scale-like and usually evergreen

crown
live branches and foliage of the tree

drought tolerant
capacity of tree or plant to grow and thrive in very dry soil conditions

fire blight
bacterial disease characterized by shepherds crooks

fissures
cracks, opening

furrow
marked narrow depression; groove, wrinkle or line

hectare
one hectare equals 2.47 acres

loam
loose-textured soil consisting of a mixture of sand, clay and containing organic matter

lobed
having curved or rounded projections or divisions

margin
edge of a leaf

needle
long and slender leaf such as those found on conifers including pine and spruce

nutlet
small nut

opposite
leaves arranged in pairs at intervals along stem

samara
nutlet with wings

sand
course textured, granular soil

scale
fleshy formations that may eventually become woody, arranged like leaves of tree around a central axis, but placed very close to one another to form a cone

scarify
to cut or soften the wall of a hard seed to hasten germination

serrated
toothed or notched like a saw

shade tolerant
capacity of tree or plant to develop and grow in shade of, or in competition with, other trees and plants

shelterbelt
one or a few rows of trees or shrubs planted to reduce effects of soil erosion by wind; designed to deposit snow evenly across cropland

shrub
woody plant typically branching near the ground

silt
very fine textured soil composed of particles of rock and soil

sucker
characteristic by which some trees and shrubs send up new sprouts from their root system as a means of vegetative reproduction

vein
vascular bundles that form framework of leaf and are seen as lines along leaf

winter hardy
ability of plant to survive winter weather in a given region